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bioinformatics the analysis of biological data, such as DNA or protein sequences, using computers. [1/2 definitions]
chromosome one of the tiny, threadlike, DNA-containing bodies found in the cell nuclei of all plants and animals, responsible for transmitting hereditary characteristics.
cistron in biology, the smallest strand of DNA needed for the synthesis of one polypeptide; gene.
cytosine the pyrimidine base of the nucleotide cytidine, an essential component of the genetic material DNA and RNA.
deoxyribonucleic acid see "DNA."
electroporation in genetics, a method of introducing foreign DNA into a cell by means of an electric pulse that makes the cell membrane more permeable.
epigenetic of or pertaining to a heritable change in gene function that does not involve a change in DNA sequence.
epigenetics the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence.
genetic code the rules governing the order in which amino acids are added to a nascent protein as it is being synthesized according to the order of nucleotides in DNA and RNA molecules.
genetic engineering the science or practice of altering the genetic code transmitted by living organisms by splicing and recombining specific genetic units from their DNA.
herpesvirus any of a family (Herpesviridae) of double-stranded DNA viruses, including viruses that cause herpes simplex, chicken pox, and shingles. [1/2 definitions]
messenger RNA a single-stranded molecule of ribonucleic acid that carries a code from the DNA, where it is synthesized, to the cytoplasm, where it specifies the sequence of amino acids required for protein synthesis.
nucleic acid any of a group of essential, complex acids comprising the genetic material of all living cells; DNA or RNA.
oligonucleotide a short molecule of DNA or RNA that is synthetically manufactured for research, genetic testing, or forensic analysis.
plasmid a DNA-containing, self-reproducing element in the cytoplasm of some bacteria which exists outside the chromosome, used in recombinant DNA technology because it can alter a hereditary characteristic when introduced into another bacterium.
polymerase any of various enzymes, such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase, that catalyze the formation of a polynucleotide strand using an existing strand as a template.
polynucleotide a polymeric chain of nucleotides, such as DNA or RNA.
recombinant DNA any DNA prepared by splicing DNA from one organism or species with genes of another, creating a new genetic makeup.
retrovirus any of a group of related RNA viruses, such as those that cause leukemia and AIDS, in which a reversal of genetic transcription occurs, from RNA to DNA rather than from DNA to RNA.
reverse transcriptase an enzyme that converts RNA to DNA and is used in making recombinant DNA.
template a molecule that functions as a model for the synthesis of larger molecules, as DNA does for RNA. [1/4 definitions]