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| chief justice |
(cap.) the presiding judge of the United States Supreme Court. [1/2 definitions] |
| Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu |
an American of Japanese descent who, during World War II, was one of only a few Japanese-Americans to openly defy the relocation orders of the U.S. Government. Korematsu was arrested and sent to an internment center in 1942, and his challenge to the constitutionality of forced relocation was ruled against by the Supreme Court in 1944 in Korematsu v. United States (b.1919--d.2005). |
| Gordon Hirabayashi |
an American of Japanese descent who, during World War II, was one of only a few Japanese-Americans to openly defy the relocation orders of the U.S. Government. He challenged the constitutionality of the application of curfews for minority groups, and his case eventually went to the Supreme Court, where he was unanimously ruled against in Hirabayashi v. United States in 1943 (b.1918--2012). |
| Minoru Yasui |
an American of Japanese descent who, during World War II, was one of few Japanese-Americans to openly violate curfew restrictions and defy the relocation orders of the U.S. Government. He challenged the constitutionality of the application of curfews to people based on their ethnicity, and his case eventually went to the Supreme Court, where he was unanimously ruled against in Yasui v. United States in 1943, in a companion case to Hirabayashi v. United States (b.1915--d.1986). |
| Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. |
an influential U.S. Supreme Court justice (1902-1932), known for exercising judicial restraint and cited frequently for the opinion he wrote for Schenck v. United States, in which he argued that freedom of speech could be limited only in cases when particular acts of expression presented a "clear and present danger" to the country or its people (b.1841--d.1935). |
| Prize Cases |
a U.S. Supreme Court case decided in 1863 that held that, despite the absence of a declaration of war, President Lincoln acted within his powers to order the seizure of ships blockaded from Southern ports. |
| Rule 22 |
the procedure in the U.S. Supreme Court that governs applications to individual justices. [1/2 definitions] |
| Schenck v. United States |
the U.S. Supreme Court case decided in 1919 that upheld the criminal conviction of the defendant for violation of the Espionage Act of 1917. In the majority opinion, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. argued that speech aimed to undermine military or naval operations during wartime presented a "clear and present danger" to the security of the country. |
| solicitor general |
in the U.S. Department of Justice, the law officer directly below the attorney general; government's representative in cases before the Supreme Court. [1/2 definitions] |
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